The loudspeaker is comprised of a flexible diaphragm (cone) connected to the acoustic horn’s throat. The design of cones earlier after the invention used materials such as paper, leather, and thin metal sheets. Thomas Edison, the famous American inventor, also developed a stylus and diaphragm device that was used in the first talking pictures but not with great success. Cinema owners in France placed speakers made by engineer Leon Gaumont at the back of the screen.
By the year 1919, Gaumont developed the Eglephone speaker that can amplify sound to around four thousand people. Researchers from Bell Laboratories and General Electric were developing electrostatic and direct radiator speakers. Then in 1940, Walt Disney launched Fantasound, which was a sound system that utilized three audio channels, as well as 54 speakers. For home users, bookshelf speakers were launched, and the gramophones were replaced by woofers and tweeters.
In 1965, Philips launched a compact cassette tape that utilized a low fidelity monophonic speaker. Bluetooth, originally created by Ericsson more than 20 years ago, allows a number of devices to connect to each other wirelessly. It is a high-speed wireless technology used to connect devices such as smartphones, speakers, headsets, laptops, etc. Over short distances, up to eight Bluetooth devices can pair via this technology, which enables them to exchange data.
Every device uses a microchip with an antenna to send and receive signals, and software to process the communication between the hardware. The antenna sends short-range waves that, unlike the infrared wireless technology, do not require an unobstructed space between the receiving and transmitting devices.
Bluetooth consumes an almost insignificant part of your battery, saving power and allowing you to use your device for a longer period of time.
From the large and clunky units, consumers can now buy Bluetooth speakers that can fit in their pockets. And the best thing about it is that the speakers of today provide clearer and better sound compared to the days of Wee Small Voice.
The History of Wireless Speakers
But before the clash of smart speakers evoked, Thomas Edison had no idea that his experiment that involved tinfoil-coated cylinder with two needles would result in today’s plethora of audio of music recording and ultimate audio experience. As the turntable can be traced back in the late 1800s, it was until the 20th century when an audio component became relevant in every home. It may be considered parallel to today’s internet since radio revolutionized the way society consumed music. The primary role of this technology mainly evolved in improving the home audio quality.
Harman Kardon took the challenge of developing the first stereo receiver that combined the radio tuner with broader FM bandwidth, pre-amplifier, and amplifier into a chassis. It was originally designed for DJs at radio stations to play jingles, commercials, and record singles. This development combined a receiver, speakers, turntable and some kind of cassette player into one package. You owe Philips the credit for creating the cassette tape and bringing analog platform with a more suitable audio solution.
The portable radio-cassette player with loudspeaker instantly starred in most outdoor listeners.
Sony led the frontier for companies that contributed the digital audio transition back in the 80s. Back in 1994, Larry Schotz applied for a patent for a digital wireless speaker system. Like any other success stories, the concept of wireless speakers had some difficulty coming into existence.
Today, as smart speakers arch their way through home entertainment, it becomes more evident how far we’ve gone in the field of audio experience.
A little history of Bluetooth
It covers everything from audio for wireless headphones and speakers, pairing gaming controllers and keyboards, tethering internet connections, and even occasionally transferring files over the air. At the time, it was designed to replace RS-232 telecommunication cables, a much older standard conceived in 1960, by using short-range UHF radio waves between 2.4 and 2.485 GHz. Although this occupies very similar frequencies to Wi-Fi, Bluetooth has always been designed as a much shorter range and lower power alternative. In 1988 the Bluetooth Special Interest Group (SIG) was formed, which to this day publishes and promotes the standard and its subsequent revisions.
Bluetooth SIG initially only included Ericsson, IBM, Intel, Nokia, and Toshiba, but reached 4,000 members by the end of its first year. The Bluetooth 1.0 specification also officially launched that year, leading to the release of the first Bluetooth-equipped chipsets, dongles, mice, wireless PC cards, and mobile phones in 2000. The first Bluetooth mobile phone was the Sony Ericsson T36, but it was the revised T39 model which actually made it to store shelves in 2001. It offered customers a 101 x 54 Monochrome LCD display, tri-band GSM connectivity, WAP internet, and enough memory to store up to 1,000 contacts.
The RS-232 standard was widely used as a computer serial port, catering to internet modems, printers, mice, data storage, and a host of other peripherals. As its proposed replacement, Bluetooth was designed as a flexible packet-based protocol with a wide selection of profiles to suit these applications and more.
The 1.0 specification offered peak data speeds of just 721 kbps and connections couldn’t reach much farther than 10 meters. Once you factored in real-world performance, longer-range connection quality, and the rather hefty header packets, the actual data rate available to applications was notably slower.
The standard originally offered profiles for wireless voice and headsets, dial-up networking, fax, and file transfers. It’s the cornerstone of mobile and console gaming controllers, a key component in modern smart home equipment, fitness trackers, and mesh networks that are increasingly useful for industrial applications. Probably the most common use for Bluetooth in modern products is audio, yet the original standard was never designed for anything close to full bandwidth music.
721 Kbps is enough for a good voice compression codec, even once you discount the header overheads and diminishing real-world speeds at distance, but such limited bandwidth couldn’t hope to cater to anything close Hi-Res audio today or even CD quality at the time. Bluetooth was originally conceived with wireless voice calls in mind but not high-quality music streaming. The Bluetooth specification has undergone numerous revisions since 1999 to improve the standard’s data speeds and connection quality, feature set, and to help accommodate all these new use cases and markets.
Most recently, Bluetooth SIG has been focusing on audio, mesh networking, lower energy profiles, and a longer range for IoT. Bluetooth 5.0 introduced Slot Available Masking to reduce interference with 4G LTE by scheduling data transmissions. The table below shows when these major features were introduced, and how typical use cases for speed and range have evolved over time.
Rather than evolving in a single path, the standard has split into Low Energy and Classic segments since version 4.0. Classic continues to provide a higher data rate for products requiring a constant connection, such as your headphones. The latest Bluetooth 5 revision continues down this path, splitting its improvements for Classic and Low Energy.
This update places a heavy emphasis on boosting the range and data rate of its low energy and long-range options. There is also an equally wide selection of radio power options that offer ranges varying from very short to over 100 meters, and these aren’t locked to any particular standard. It caters to everything from file sharing and device pairing, to wireless music and industrial applications. Today, the standard is perhaps facing its biggest fork yet, with a dual focus on retaining backward compatibility while also powering increasingly low-energy IoT devices and broad communication mesh networks.
history of the bluetooth speaker timeline.
27, 1898, for an improved loudspeaker with nonmagnetic spacers to keep the air gap between the inner and outer poles of a moving coil transducer.
Wireless speaker
The receiver is positioned where the listener wants the sound to be, providing the freedom to move the wireless speakers around without the need of using cables. The receiver/speaker unit generally contains an amplifier to boost the audio signal to the loudspeaker; it is powered either by batteries or by an AC electric outlet. The signal frequency range used by wireless speakers is generally the same as that used by cordless telephones – 900 MHz. Many wireless speakers feature variable transmission channels that can be set using a tuning knob to overcome potential RF interference with other nearby wireless devices, such as cordless phones or baby monitors.
Some wireless speakers add a passive radiator to improve low frequency reproduction and achieve deeper sound. Some speakers may benefit from the NFC system to facilitate pairing with the source device. The higher end models add an LCD screen to make it easier to select and store radio stations. Most wireless speakers have a built-in microphone, which allows to receive and make calls using a mobile phone in hands-free mode.
With the development of voice assistants, manufacturers have integrated the ability to pair them with their devices. This way, commands can be passed to the speaker via the integrated microphone, which will then be executed by the voice assistant. In this case, the enclosure is completely submersible in water to a depth of 1 meter for half an hour. Its main disadvantage is poor adhesion to the shower wall, which can cause the unit to fall off.
The mounting bracket is the safest system to fix the speaker, but requires drilling a hole in the wall.
Bluetooth
Bluetooth is a short-range wireless technology standard that is used for exchanging data between fixed and mobile devices over short distances using UHF radio waves in the ISM bands, from 2.402 GHz to 2.48 GHz, and building personal area networks (PANs). In the most widely used mode, transmission power is limited to 2.5 milliwatts, giving it a very short range of up to 10 meters (30 feet). The Bluetooth SIG oversees development of the specification, manages the qualification program, and protects the trademarks. As of 2009 , Bluetooth integrated circuit chips ship approximately 920 million units annually. [6] By 2017, there were 3.6 billion Bluetooth devices shipping annually and the shipments were expected to continue increasing at about 12% a year. The name was inspired by a conversation with Sven Mattisson who related Scandinavian history through tales from Frans G. Bengtsson’s The Long Ships, a historical novel about Vikings and the 10th-century Danish king Harald Bluetooth. Kardach was later quoted as saying, “King Harald Bluetooth…was famous for uniting Scandinavia just as we intended to unite the PC and cellular industries with a short-range wireless link.” Bluetooth was only intended as a placeholder until marketing could come up with something really cool. The development of the “short-link” radio technology, later named Bluetooth, was initiated in 1989 by Nils Rydbeck, CTO at Ericsson Mobile in Lund, Sweden.
Nils Rydbeck tasked Tord Wingren with specifying and Dutchman Jaap Haartsen and Sven Mattisson with developing.
The conclusion was that power consumption on cellphone technology at that time was too high to allow viable integration into a notebook and still achieve adequate battery life. It was a hands-free mobile headset that earned the “Best of show Technology Award” at COMDEX. The first Bluetooth mobile phone was the Ericsson T36 but it was the revised T39 model that actually made it to store shelves in 2001.
Bluetooth’s early incorporation into consumer electronics products continued at Vosi Technologies in Costa Mesa, California, USA, initially overseen by founding members Bejan Amini and Tom Davidson. Vosi Technologies had been created by real estate developer Ivano Stegmenga, with United States Patent 608507, for communication between a cellular phone and a vehicle’s audio system. Due to ongoing negotiations for an intended licensing agreement with Motorola beginning in the late 1990s, Vosi could not publicly disclose the intention, integration and initial development of other enabled devices which were to be the first “Smart Home” internet connected devices. Vosi needed a means for the system to communicate without a wired connection from the vehicle to the other devices in the network.
Bluetooth was chosen, since WiFi was not yet readily available or supported in the public market. Through the negotiations with Motorola, Vosi introduced and disclosed its intent to integrate Bluetooth in its devices.
In the early 2000s a legal battle ensued between Vosi and Motorola, which indefinitely suspended release of the devices. [23] This is in the globally unlicensed (but not unregulated) industrial, scientific and medical (ISM) 2.4 GHz short-range radio frequency band. Since the introduction of Bluetooth 2.0+EDR, π/4-DQPSK (differential quadrature phase-shift keying) and 8-DPSK modulation may also be used between compatible devices. The term Enhanced Data Rate (EDR) is used to describe π/4-DPSK (EDR2) and 8-DPSK (EDR3) schemes, each giving 2 and 3 Mbit/s respectively. In 2019, Apple published an extension called HDR which supports data rates of 4 (HDR4) and 8 (HDR8) Mbit/s using π/4-DQPSK modulation on 4MHz channels with forward error correction (FEC) [1]. All devices within a given piconet use the clock provided by the master as the base for packet exchange.
The above excludes Bluetooth Low Energy, introduced in the 4.0 specification, which uses the same spectrum but somewhat differently. At any given time, data can be transferred between the master and one other device (except for the little-used broadcast mode). (m) (mW) (dBm) 1 100 20 ~100 1.5 10 10 ~20 2 2.5 4 ~10 3 1 0 ~1 4 0.5 −3 ~0.5 Source:BT 5 Vol 6 Part A Sect 3,Bluetooth Technology Website
Bluetooth is a standard wire-replacement communications protocol primarily designed for low power consumption, with a short range based on low-cost transceiver microchips in each device.
[26] Because the devices use a radio (broadcast) communications system, they do not have to be in visual line of sight of each other; however, a quasi optical wireless path must be viable. Most Bluetooth applications are for indoor conditions, where attenuation of walls and signal fading due to signal reflections make the range far lower than specified line-of-sight ranges of the Bluetooth products. Adherence to profiles saves the time for transmitting the parameters anew before the bi-directional link becomes effective. There are a wide range of Bluetooth profiles that describe many different types of applications or use cases for devices.
This category of applications is sometimes called wireless local area networks (WLAN).
Bluetooth serves well in simple applications where two devices need to connect with a minimal configuration like a button press, as in headsets and speakers.
Bluetooth exists in numerous products such as telephones, speakers, tablets, media players, robotics systems, laptops, and console gaming equipment as well as some high definition headsets, modems, hearing aids[47] and even watches. [48] Given the variety of devices which use the Bluetooth, coupled with the contemporary deprecation of headphone jacks by Apple, Google, and other companies, and the lack of regulation by the FCC, the technology is prone to interference.
While some desktop computers and most recent laptops come with a built-in Bluetooth radio, others require an external adapter, typically in the form of a small USB “dongle.” For Microsoft platforms, Windows XP Service Pack 2 and SP3 releases work natively with Bluetooth v1.1, v2.0 and v2.0+EDR. [53] Previous versions required users to install their Bluetooth adapter’s own drivers, which were not directly supported by Microsoft. [53] It is generally recommended to install the latest vendor driver and its associated stack to be able to use the Bluetooth device at its fullest extent.
The BlueZ stack is included with most Linux kernels and was originally developed by Qualcomm. [56] Fluoride, earlier known as Bluedroid is included in Android OS and was originally developed by Broadcom.
[63] A netgraph-based implementation from FreeBSD has also been available in the tree, possibly disabled until 2014-11-15, and may require more work. [67] It was established by Ericsson, IBM, Intel, Nokia and Toshiba, and later joined by many other companies. Core Specification Addendum (CSA), release cycle can be as tight as a few times per year Extended Synchronous Connections (eSCO), which improve voice quality of audio links by allowing retransmissions of corrupted packets, and may optionally increase audio latency to provide better concurrent data transfer. [71] EDR uses a combination of GFSK and phase-shift keying modulation (PSK) with two variants, π/4-DQPSK and 8-DPSK. [73] EDR can provide a lower power consumption through a reduced duty cycle.
Aside from EDR, the v2.0 specification contains other minor improvements, and products may claim compliance to “Bluetooth v2.0” without supporting the higher data rate. Version 2.1 allows various other improvements, including extended inquiry response (EIR), which provides more information during the inquiry procedure to allow better filtering of devices before connection; and sniff subrating, which reduces the power consumption in low-power mode.
The Bluetooth radio is still used for device discovery, initial connection and profile configuration. This means that Bluetooth uses proven low power connection models when the system is idle, and the faster radio when it must send large quantities of data.
It is intended for use by applications that require low latency between user action and reconnection/transmission of data. Enhanced power control removes the ambiguities by specifying the behavior that is expected.
The feature also adds closed loop power control, meaning RSSI filtering can start as the response is received. WiMedia has transferred all current and future specifications, including work on future high-speed and power-optimized implementations, to the Bluetooth Special Interest Group (SIG), Wireless USB Promoter Group and the USB Implementers Forum.
After successful completion of the technology transfer, marketing, and related administrative items, the WiMedia Alliance ceased operations. A small, but significant, number of former WiMedia members had not and would not sign up to the necessary agreements for the IP transfer. As of 2009, the Bluetooth SIG was in the process of evaluating other options for its longer term roadmap. Chip designs allow for two types of implementation, dual-mode, single-mode and enhanced past versions.
In terms of lengthening the battery life of Bluetooth devices, BLE represents a significant progression. Cost-reduced single-mode chips, which enable highly integrated and compact devices, feature a lightweight Link Layer providing ultra-low power idle mode operation, simple device discovery, and reliable point-to-multipoint data transfer with advanced power-save and secure encrypted connections at the lowest possible cost. General improvements in version 4.0 include the changes necessary to facilitate BLE modes, as well the Generic Attribute Profile (GATT) and Security Manager (SM) services with AES Encryption. Core Specification Addendum 2 was unveiled in December 2011; it contains improvements to the audio Host Controller Interface and to the High Speed (802.11) Protocol Adaptation Layer. The update incorporates Bluetooth Core Specification Addenda (CSA 1, 2, 3 & 4) and adds new features that improve consumer usability. Notice that some features were already available in a Core Specification Addendum (CSA) before the release of v4.1.
Older Bluetooth hardware may receive 4.2 features such as Data Packet Length Extension and improved privacy via firmware updates. Sony was the first to announce Bluetooth 5.0 support with its Xperia XZ Premium in Feb 2017 during the Mobile World Congress 2017.
The increase in transmissions could be important for Internet of Things devices, where many nodes connect throughout a whole house. Minor Enhancements batch 1: HCI support for debug keys in LE Secure Connections Sleep clock accuracy update mechanism ADI field in scan response data Interaction between QoS and Flow Specification Block Host channel classification for secondary advertising Allow the SID to appear in scan response reports Specify the behavior when rules are violated BT LE Audio was announced in January 2020 at CES by the Bluetooth SIG. The hardware that makes up the Bluetooth device is made up of, logically, two parts; which may or may not be physically separate.
A radio device, responsible for modulating and transmitting the signal; and a digital controller. The Link Controller is responsible for the processing of the baseband and the management of ARQ and physical layer FEC protocols. In addition, it handles the transfer functions (both asynchronous and synchronous), audio coding (e.g. SBC (codec)) and data encryption. To do this, the CPU runs software called Link Manager that has the function of communicating with other devices through the LMP protocol.
In addition, devices that communicate with Bluetooth almost universally can use these protocols: HCI and RFCOMM. One of the most important HCI tasks that must be performed is the automatic discovery of other Bluetooth devices that are within the coverage radius.
Only L2CAP channels configured in ERTM or SM may be operated over AMP logical links. Radio Frequency Communications (RFCOMM) is a cable replacement protocol used for generating a virtual serial data stream. RFCOMM provides a simple, reliable, data stream to the user, similar to TCP. It is used directly by many telephony related profiles as a carrier for AT commands, as well as being a transport layer for OBEX over Bluetooth. Many Bluetooth applications use RFCOMM because of its widespread support and publicly available API on most operating systems. Its main purpose is the transmission of IP packets in the Personal Area Networking Profile.
In addition, packets with CRC will be retransmitted until acknowledged by automatic repeat request (ARQ). Technical information (for example: device features, manufacturer, Bluetooth specification used, clock offset) Most cellular phones and laptops show only the Bluetooth names and special programs are required to get additional information about remote devices. At the same time, it is useful for Bluetooth devices to be able to establish a connection without user intervention (for example, as soon as in range).
The pairing process is triggered either by a specific request from a user to generate a bond (for example, the user explicitly requests to “Add a Bluetooth device”), or it is triggered automatically when connecting to a service where (for the first time) the identity of a device is required for security purposes. During pairing, the two devices establish a relationship by creating a shared secret known as a link key.
Secure Simple Pairing uses a form of public-key cryptography, and some types can help protect against man in the middle, or MITM attacks. This method is typically used by headsets with minimal IO capabilities, and is more secure than the fixed PIN mechanism this limited set of devices uses for legacy pairing.
This method provides MITM protection, assuming the user confirms on both devices and actually performs the comparison properly.
Pairing is completed using the Bluetooth radio, but requires information from the OOB mechanism.
Secure Simple Pairing uses a form of public-key cryptography, and some types can help protect against man in the middle, or MITM attacks. Using OOB with NFC enables pairing when devices simply get close, rather than requiring a lengthy discovery process.
Link keys may be stored on the device file system, not on the Bluetooth chip itself. Bluetooth implements confidentiality, authentication and key derivation with custom algorithms based on the SAFER+ block cipher. Those keys, used for subsequent encryption of data sent via the air interface, rely on the Bluetooth PIN, which has been entered into one or both devices. In September 2008, the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) published a Guide to Bluetooth Security as a reference for organizations.
Users and organizations must evaluate their acceptable level of risk and incorporate security into the lifecycle of Bluetooth devices. In 2001, Jakobsson and Wetzel from Bell Laboratories discovered flaws in the Bluetooth pairing protocol and also pointed to vulnerabilities in the encryption scheme. Digital Ltd. discovered that serious flaws in some poor implementations of Bluetooth security may lead to disclosure of personal data. [124] In a subsequent experiment, Martin Herfurt from the trifinite.group was able to do a field-trial at the CeBIT fairgrounds, showing the importance of the problem to the world.
[125] In 2004 the first purported virus using Bluetooth to spread itself among mobile phones appeared on the Symbian OS. [126] The virus was first described by Kaspersky Lab and requires users to confirm the installation of unknown software before it can propagate.
Thus, it should be regarded as a potential (but not real) security threat to Bluetooth technology or Symbian OS since the virus has never spread outside of this system. [127] This poses a potential security threat because it enables attackers to access vulnerable Bluetooth devices from a distance beyond expectation.
The worm is self-installing and begins once the mobile user approves the transfer of the file (Velasco.sis) from another device. In April 2005, Cambridge University security researchers published results of their actual implementation of passive attacks against the PIN-based pairing between commercial Bluetooth devices. They confirmed that attacks are practicably fast, and the Bluetooth symmetric key establishment method is vulnerable. To rectify this vulnerability, they designed an implementation that showed that stronger, asymmetric key establishment is feasible for certain classes of devices, such as mobile phones.
In June 2005, Yaniv Shaked[131] and Avishai Wool[132] published a paper describing both passive and active methods for obtaining the PIN for a Bluetooth link. Also, this active attack probably requires custom hardware, since most commercially available Bluetooth devices are not capable of the timing necessary.
In August 2005, police in Cambridgeshire, England, issued warnings about thieves using Bluetooth enabled phones to track other devices left in cars. Police are advising users to ensure that any mobile networking connections are de-activated if laptops and other devices are left in this way.
In April 2006, researchers from Secure Network and F-Secure published a report that warns of the large number of devices left in a visible state, and issued statistics on the spread of various Bluetooth services and the ease of spread of an eventual Bluetooth worm.
In October 2006, at the Luxemburgish Hack.lu Security Conference, Kevin Finistere and Thierry Zoller demonstrated and released a remote root shell via Bluetooth on Mac OS X v10.3.9 and v10.4. They also demonstrated the first Bluetooth PIN and Linkkeys cracker, which is based on the research of Wool and Shaked. In April 2017, security researchers at Armis discovered multiple exploits in the Bluetooth software in various platforms, including Microsoft Windows, Linux, Apple iOS, and Google Android.
Armis contacted Google, Microsoft, Apple, Samsung and Linux developers allowing them to patch their software before the coordinated announcement of the vulnerabilities on 12 September 2017. Also, in October 2018, Karim Lounis, a network security researcher at Queen’s University, identified a security vulnerability, called CDV (Connection Dumping Vulnerability), on various Bluetooth devices that allows an attacker to tear down an existing Bluetooth connection and cause the deauthentication and disconnection of the involved devices.
In August 2019, security researchers at the Singapore University of Technology and Design, Helmholtz Center for Information Security, and University of Oxford discovered a vulnerability in the key negotiation that would “brute force the negotiated encryption keys, decrypt the eavesdropped ciphertext, and inject valid encrypted messages (in real-time)”. No specific harm has been demonstrated, even though wireless transmission has been included by IARC in the possible carcinogen list. Even the maximum power output of class 1 is a lower level than the lowest-powered mobile phones. [146] The Breakthrough Awards[147] Bluetooth program highlights the most innovative products and applications available today, prototypes coming soon, and student-led projects in the making.
The History of the Speaker
Edison has issued a British patent for a system using compressed air for an amplifying mechanism for his phonographs. Thomas Edison, Magnavox and the Victor Talking Machine Company (maker of the Victrola wind-up phonographs) all developed advanced and well-performing horns. Jensen and Pridham were denied patents, so they changed their target market to radios and public address systems.
The two were able to adjust the properties of coils until they lowered the frequency at which the cone’s radiation impedance became uniform, thus replicating noise.
Previous attempts to make the loudspeaker produced unacceptable muffled sounds, but Rice and Kellogg solved the problems that led to nice, crisp audio. This kind of speaker was fine for public address systems offered in 1921, but the sound quality wasn’t good enough for motion pictures just yet. It used an electromagnet to drive a large paper cone that reproduced the original sound, as it vibrated under the influence of the amplified signal. In 1924, Brunswick Balke Collender Company introduced the first all-electric home phonograph, in cooperation with RCA, Westinghouse, and General Electric.
In 1939, a very large public address system was mounted on a tower at Flushing Meadows during the New York World’s Fair. In 1943, Altec Lansing introduced the 604, which was the famous Duplex driver that dramatically improved sound quality and performance. Altec’s “Voice of the Theatre” loudspeaker system hit the market in 1945, and it offered better clarity and coherence at high volumes, which was important in movie theaters. It was immediately tested by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences and made it film house industry standard in 1955.
Today you have many choices of the best center channel speakers for home theater available that can provide you great sound quality and bass. Subsequently, this led to continuous developments in speaker enclosure design for audio quality improvements.
NIHF Inductee Jaap C. Haartsen Invented Bluetooth Wireless Technology
In 1994, he laid the foundations for the system that was later known as the Bluetooth Wireless Technology, enabling connections between a seemingly endless array of devices. He started his career with Ericsson, remaining there until becoming CTO of Tonalite BV, a privately-owned company addressing wireless wearable products.
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